[this article is one of a pair of articles containing commonly

asked automotive questions; the other article contains questions

more geared to the automotive enthusiast, and so is not crossposted

to misc.consumers. -- rpw]

[changes as of 20 November 1993: rewritten answer to "What is

      unintended acceleration?" question; 19 September 1994:
      revision to list of newsgroups recieving this article -- rpw]
                 

Tire Questions:

Q: What do the funny numbers on the sides of my tires mean?

1. Typically, you will see something like 195/60HR14. the 195 is the

   overall width of the tire in millimeters, the tread is usually

   narrower. The 60 is the `aspect ratio'; it indicates the height of the

   sidewall of the tire relative to the overall width. Our example tire

   has a sidewall height of 0.60 * 195 ~= 117 mm. The 14 is the wheel

   diameter in inches; there are also some special tires called `TRX'

   tires which have three digit metric wheel diameter designations, like

   390, which is in millimeters. The R means Radial, and the H is a speed

   rating indicating the highest speed at which the tire, when properly

   inflated and carrying an appropriate load, may safely operate. Common

   speed ratings are S (112MPH), T (118MPH), H (130MPH), and V (up to

   150MPH.)

Recent changes to the method for specifying tire sizes move the speed

rating to a different part of the designation; you may therefore find

designations like 195/60R14 85H; the 85 indicates the per-tire load

associated with the speed rating -- exceeding this load in continuous

operation at the rated speed is dangerous practice. What follows is

a table showing a number of `load indices' and corresponding maximum

per-tire loads:

Load Index 50 51 88 89 112 113 145 149 157

Max Load (Kg) 190 195 560 580 1120 1150 2900 3250 4125

Note that the usual mass vs. weight confusion occurs in this table.

In some cases, the letters P or LT may be found in front of a tire

size; the LT designation indicates Light Truck, and the P designation

indicates Passenger car. If no letter is given, then the application

of the tire is Passenger car usage. As far as I know, these letters

only appear in the US market. The LT designation is prinicipally of

interest to owners of light trucks and other utility vehicles. For

the owner of a passenger vehicle, there is no meaningful difference

between a tire with a P designation and one with no designation at

all.

If the aspect ratio is omitted, it is probably 80, but may be 78.

Tires with an MS (mud/snow) designation may have their speed rating

reduced by 20 km/h (about 12mph.)

There is an additional set of ratings on tires for temperature,

traction, and treadwear. Temperature and Traction are graded

A, B, and C (with A the best and C the worst); treadwear is

a numeric rating. These values are of limited value, as they

are assigned somewhat arbitrarily by tire manufacturers and are

thus not useful in comparing different brands of tires.

Q: My car has tires with a funny size designation: 185/65HR390; can i put

normal tires on the car?

1. Your tires are called TRX tires; they were devised by Michelin.

   Because of a somewhat different bead design, they are incompatible

   with normal tires; Michelin used a different diameter wheel for them

   so that they could not be mounted on the wrong type wheel (and so that

   more conventional tires could not be mounted on TRX type wheels.)

   You will need to aquire different wheels to put a normal tire on your

   car; it is barely possible to fit normal tires on TRX wheels, and horribly

   dangerous to do so (the tires may simply peel off the rims in a corner,

   or possibly blow out at high speed.) TRX type tires are becoming hard

   to find; in addition to Michelin, Avon makes suitable tires. Goodyear

   has apparently discontinued their line of TRX tires.

2. Can I rotate radials from side to side, or rotate them only on one side

   of my car?

3. Car and tire manufacturers have differing views on this subject; many

   say that swapping radials between the left and right hand sides of a

   car is now ok (this group includes Michelin and Goodyear); others

   (for example, Pirelli and Nokia) will void warranties if such swapping

   is done. The best advice is to read your tire manual carefully before

   rotating your tires, and stick to the manufacturer's recommendations.

4. How many snow tires should I buy, and if I buy 2, which end of the

   car should I put them on?

5. In short, 4, and both ends. To explain, many drivers in areas that don't

   get excessive snow or who don't drive agressively (or at all) in snow

   conditions get away with only two snows on the drive wheels, but there

   are circumstances where this can be dangerous practice. With a rear

   wheel drive car, you can choose between being able to start the car

   going (a function of the rear axle) or stopping and turning the car

   (a function of the front axle.) In a front wheel drive car, you start,

   stop, and turn with the front end. The primary risk of putting the

   snow tires on the front only is that if you have to put on the brakes

   while going downhill, you run a serious risk of going downhill backwards.

Radar Detectors and Speed Limits:

Q: Why aren't there any comments on Radar Detectors and Speed Limits

in this Q&A posting?

1. Because questions about detectors and speed limits crossposted between

   misc.consumers and rec.autos.* always start long, tedious, and pointless

   flame wars. If you want to talk about either of these topics, please

   subscribe to rec.autos or alt.flame and keep it there.

Safety Equipment:

Q: Do airbags really work?

1. Preliminary statistics suggest the following: Airbags work much

   better than no belts; good 3 point belts alone work much better than

   Airbags alone, and AirBags + 3 point belts work slightly better than

   3 point belts alone. The con to airbags is that some designs tend

   to burn the driver's hands when venting the byproducts of the

   explosion that occurs inside the bag, and that some designs (but

   not all) may knock the driver's hands from the wheel, making retention

   of control of the vehicle after the bag deflates more difficult.

Brake Questions:

Q: Do I always need to get the rotors on my disk brakes turned? Midas

always wants to do this.

1. No. There are specific conditions that mandate turning or replacing

   rotors; some shops try and make a little extra money by replacing rotors

   more often than is strictly necessary. if the rotors are not warped

   warped, and only lightly grooved, then there is no need to replace or

   to turn them. Note also that some rotors (the rotors on many Hondas

   are a good example) are so narrow to begin with that it is not practical

   to turn them; they must be replaced when they become too thin, warped,

   or badly grooved.

2. They tell me I should downshift when braking to slow my car down. Is

   this really a good idea?

3. It used to be a very good idea, back in the days of mediocre, fade

   prone drum brakes. In modern disc brake equipped cars, use of

   downshifting to slow the car is not really necessary, except in cases

   of long, steep downhill runs. Otherwise, modern disc brakes are more

   than adequate to stop a passenger car in all circumstances, and they

   are much cheaper to repair than clutch linings.

On the other hand, many standard driver's license tests in the USA

still specify that the driver being tested downshift under braking; I

suggest that before taking a US driver's test, you either 1) learn to

do this smoothly (which takes some time and practice) or 2) borrow a

car with an automatic to take the test.

Q: How often should I replace my brake fluid?

1. Probably more often than you do. Traditional brake fluids tend to

   absorb water; this water can corrode internal parts of the brake

   system and also lower the boiling point of the fluid. DOT-3 type

   are older fluids; DOT-4 and DOT-5 are newer specifications. The

   principal differences are in wet and dry boiling points; the dry

   boiling point is important in fresh brake fluid, but the wet boiling

   point is important in older brake fluid. DOT-3 fluids have the lowest

   wet and dry boiling point _requirements_; DOT-4 fluids have better

   boiling point requirements; and DOT-5 fluids have the best boiling

   point requirements (but DOT-5 fluids are not clearly superior; see

   the next Q&A for more details.) While the requirements imply that

   DOT-4 fluids are better than DOT-3 fluids, there may be specific

   cases where a DOT-3 fluid is preferable, but these are mostly

   competition applications. Otherwise, DOT-4 type fluids offer _much_

   improved brake pedal feel. Replacement once a year is recommended for

   DOT-4 fluids, although agressive drivers may profit by changing out

   fluid more frequently, or at least bleeding a modest amount of fluid

   out of the brake calipers fairly regularly.

2. What about DOT-5 brake fluids?

3. This breaks down in to two parts. The DOT-5 specification looks

   excellent for performance, but the first DOT-5 fluids were Silicone

   based. Silicone fluids are a tricky proposition. Unlike DOT-3 and

   DOT-4 fluids, they do not absorb water at all. While this may sound

   like a feature, the problem is that any water present pools up in

   such systems, interfering with braking performance and corroding any

   metals at the spot where the pooling is occuring. The water will tend

   to migrate downwards in the braking system to the brake calipers, where

   most of the corrosion occurs.

Because of this phenomenon, it is essential when converting to

Silicone to empty the entire brake system and flush it throughly

beforehand; some even recommend replacing all rubber parts in the

brake system when converting to Silicone fluids.

Two other issues that come up with silicone fluids: 1) they are

difficult to pour cleanly (that is, without air bubbles), which

interferes with getting a good brake pedal feel, and 2) while they

generally have much higher boiling points than DOT-4 fluids, they

do have high temperature failure modes which are indistinguishable

in effect from boiling DOT-4 fluids. SIlicone fluids may make sense

in some street car applications, but they are certainly not

recommended for high performance driving applications, and the

economics are questionable for street use.

I have recently become aware of new fluids that meet the DOT-5 standard

that do not contain Silicones; these fluids appear to be reasonably

compatible with the older DOT-3 and DOT-4 fluids, but I have little

information at this time.

Q: ABS is available on some of the cars I'm looking at, but it costs

more. Is it worth it?

1. This does not have a cut and dried answer; therefore, this answer will

   be quite long in order to cover the pros and cons. The short answer

   is that ABS costs more, both initially, and to maintain, will generally

   work better for the `average driver' (that is to say, a driver who does

   not have extensive experience in high performance driving techniques),

   and may require the `unlearning' of some obsolete braking techniques

   like pump braking which should be unlearned in any case.

Now for the long answer. ABS works by monitering the wheels of the

car, looking for signs of locked brakes. It may or may not be able

be able to distinguish between the different wheels (there are several

systems on the market.) It cannot detect impending lockup (which is

what you would really want in an ideal world), but only the existence

of lockup. The sensors used vary; some of the less well designed

sensors are sensitive to tire size, and to brake pad material, and

may cease to function properly if the owner deviates from original

equipment or OE-equivalent components.

When the sensors detect lockup, the ABS system responds by unlocking

the brakes (either individually, or all at once, depending on the

system.) If the driver keeps their foot firmly planted, the ABS

will end up cycling between the locked and unlocked states (if a

sensor existed that could detect _impending lockup_, then we could

sit right at that point, which is where maximum braking effect is

achieved.) This pulsing can often be felt in the brake pedal, as

the system cycles. The percentage of the time that the brakes are

truly engaged is called the `duty cycle'; typically in an ABS system

this is about 40% On dry pavement, a trained driver can beat this

duty cycle quite reliably using a technique called threshold braking;

on wet pavement, braking is so chancy that ABS will outperform

threshold braking nearly every time. Unfortunately, on mud and on

snow, often maximum braking effect can be acheived with the brakes

locked; only Audi, of the manufacturers producing ABS-equipped cars,

has seen fit to provide a disable switch for the ABS system for this

eventuality.

A particularly important feature of ABS is that it preserves

steering control. This is the case simply because, if you are

braking near the limit and turn the wheel, the ABS will release

the brakes if it sees steering-triggered lockup, and back off

on the percentage of the time that the brakes are applied.

Braking distances will lengthen accordingly.

An important caution: ABS cannot exceed the maximum theoretical

braking force in any given situation; if you start sliding on

glare ice, don't expect an ABS system to help you out very much.

The coefficient of friction is not changed by the presence of an

ABS system in your car.

As far as maintenence goes, in addition to the potential

restrictions I've listed above, you have to worry about the

following: 1) parts costs are much higher; the OE master cylinder

for my obscure european sedan lists for $185, but the OE master

cylinder for the ABS-equipped version of the same car lists for

over $1000. Most manufacturers explicitly forbid use of DOT-5

(silicone) brake fluids in ABS-equipped vehicles. Because of

the potential cost of replacement of corroded brake system

components, regular (I suggest annual) replacement of brake fluid

becomes very important.

Q: What about this threshold braking business?

1. [normally, I'd not put this in the consumers Q&A, but recent

   publicity about a number of accidents involving police drivers

   in ABS-equipped Chevy Caprices suggests that this section is

   needed here -- rpw]

Threshold braking is a technique practiced by all serious high

performance drivers; if made a habit, it replaces the `stab

the pedal and lock 'em up' panic habit entirely, and is much

to be prefered. Basically, the premise is that tires generate

maximum braking force when they have just started to slide, but

just before the wheels lock up entirely. Drivers who threshold

brake learn to feel what this `threshold' feels like, and learn

to search for it and hit it on the application of the brake

pedal. In many cars, you can feel that you are near the

threshold when the pedal starts to firm up as you depress it.

In any case, if you can't hear the tires whine just a bit, you're

not very near the threshold.

In a car with ABS, often there is a twinge in the pedal just

before the system starts cycling; if the driver backs off on

the pedal just a tad when the twinge is felt, then they are very

close to the threshold and they'll probably achieve better

stopping distances than if they just punched it and let the ABS

take over.

Recently, there has been a rash of publicity over a number of

accidents, and one death, involving police cars equipped with

ABS systems. The police departments in question quickly blamed

the new ABS systems, but according to Autoweek magazine, it now

seems clear that the problem was a lack of training; none of the

involved officers had any recent performance driving training.

There is reason to believe that the drivers reacted to the pulsing

brake pedal by `pump braking', an old and discredited technique

of stabbing and releasing the brake pedal, the goal being to

try and get brakes back with a failing hydraulic system. If you

think about it for a minute, you'll realize that pump braking must

cut the effective operation of a working brake system by at least

1/2, so if you cut the 40% duty cycle of an ABS system by that

much, you are giving up most of your brakes for the wrong reason.

Threshold braking has the advantage in that it is an effective

and useful technique regardless of whether your car has ABS; if

you do fear a failed hydraulic system, then one or two stabs at

the pedal will be sufficient.

Gas Questions:

Q: Does High Octane gasoline help?

1. Maybe, maybe not. Some cars have knock sensors, and can adjust the

   engine timing or turbocharger boost to suit the gasoline being used.

   On most cars, however, you should use the cheapest gas that makes your

   car run well. Check your owner's manual for details on what your car

   needs.

2. My car was made for leaded gasoline. Will unleaded gas hurt it?

3. It is possible that unleaded gas may *slightly* increase valve wear,

   although the Amoco Oil company argues otherwise. The actual increase

   in valve wear will be almost unnoticeable, however, as modern leaded

   gasolines actually contain very little lead. You should, however,

   check your owner's manual; many cars from the early 1970s do not

   actually require leaded gasoline.

4. Do fuel treatments help? What kind should I use?

5. Some do and some don't. During the winter, it is a good idea to use

   dry gas; however, some may be harmful to fuel injection systems.

   Never use an additive containing Methanol (sometimes called Methyl

   Alcohol); such additives may damage fuel systems in cars with carbs

   and almost certainly will damage cars with fuel injection.

Manufacturer's opinions vary on additives containing Ethanol (sometimes

called Ethyl Alcohol); if your car has fuel injection, check the owner's

manual on your car before using these. Most manufacturers consider

10% Ethanol acceptable in gasoline. Additives with Isopropyl Alcohol

(Isopropanol), and Petroleum Distillates are fine in fuel injected

cars.

An occasional bottle of fuel injector cleaner is helpful in cars with

fuel injectors, although many premium gasolines contain detergents that

do the same job. Some off brands of fuel injector cleaners contain

Ethanol or Methanol; always check the ingredients before putting anything

in your gas tank.

There are a small number of particularly good additives; these are

noticeably more expensive that the run-of-the-mill ones, but work

much, much better. Among these are Chevron Techron, Redline SL-1,

Wurth `Lubrimoly Ventil Sauber', and BG 44K. A bottle of one of these,

once every six months, is highly recommended.

Q: What about detergent gasolines?

1. The quality of detergent packages in gasolines varies somewhat; BMW

   has instituted a testing program, and gasoline brands which pass this

   test may advertise that fact. Stickers indicating passage of the test

   are now beginning to appear on fuel pumps at gas stations. If such

   gasolines are used, then fuel injector cleaners are probably optional.

   Beforewarned that while use of BMW approved gasolines will keep a clean

   engine clean, they may not clean a motor with bad valve deposits.

Lubrication Questions:

Q: What do the numbers and letters in a motor oil designation mean?

1. There are several different items encoded. There is a two-letter

   code indicating the type of detergent package that the manufacturer

   uses in the oil; this looks like SE,SF,CD or such. The S codes are

   for gasoline engine applications; the C codes are for diesel engine

   applications. The second letter is assigned in sequence as new levels

   of protection are developed; thus SF is considered better than SE,

   SE is considered better than SD, and so forth.

The more noticeable designation is the oil weight. This is either

a single number (e.g., 30 weight) or a pair of numbers separated by

the letter W (e.g., 10W30.) The latter type is much more commonly

used these days, and are the only type that most automobile

manufacturers specify in operators manuals. The first number in the

designation (10W) is the apparent viscosity of the oil when it is cold;

the W stands for `winter'. The second number (30) is the viscosity

of the oil when hot. There is a trick here; the oil doesn't actually

get thicker (turn from 10 weight to 30 weight) as it gets hotter. What

is actually happening is that when the oil is cold, it has the viscosity

of a cold 10 weight oil. as it gets hotter, it doesn't get thin as fast

as a 10W oil would; by the time it is up to temperature, it has the

viscosity of a hot 30 weight oil.

Note that these numbers actually specify ranges of viscosities; not

all 10W oils have exactly the same viscosity when cold, and not all

30 weight oils have the same viscosity when hot. Note also that the

novel behaviour of multi-grade oils is caused by additives, and it has

been reported that with the sole exception of Castrol GTX, 10W40 oils

do not retain their multi-grade characteristics well over time. 10W30,

15W40, and 20W50 oils work very well, though.

Q: Are `quick lube' places any good?

1. Some do adequate work, but there are quite a few incompetent ones out

   there. Let the buyer beware, watch them while they work, make sure

   that they don't overtorque the oil drain plug, and keep your hand on

   your wallet at all times.

2. Are oil additives like Slick-50 or Tufoil any good?

3. Slick-50 and Tufoil are PTFE-based additives. Many of these have

   come onto the market recently; they are different from the moly-based

   additives that have been around since the early 50's. PTFE is the

   chemical name for Teflon(TM), a trademark owned by DuPont. In general,

   auto manufacturers do not recommend use of these products. Most USENET

   responses to questions on these additives are favorable (slight

   increase of MPG after application, smoother revving) but long term

   results (whether PTFE additives are effective after 5K miles) are

   debatable. Some manufacturers (such as Saab) claim that either the

   product or the engine flush that preceeds application causes

   deterioration of the oil seals and eventual leakage. Some BMW owners

   have reported death of valve seals shortly after the addition of

   Slick 50 to their cars. This writer has been cautioned by a Slick-50

   Dealer (!) that Slick-50 should _not_ be used in Japanese motors, as

   it may clog the oil return passages in the engine. Otherwise, there are

   no known reports of damage caused by PTFE additives.

On the other hand, there are satified Slick 50 customers in the world.

Q: Do synthetic oils really work?

1. Yes, but. More specifically, most auto manufactuers accept synthetics,

   but disagree with the extremely long oil change intervals claimed by

   oil manufacturers. Auto manufacturers recommend that you continue to

   change oil at the intervals recommended in the owners manual for your

   car. Even if you decide to try the longer intervals, at least change

   the oil filter at regular intervals, as synthetics get just as dirty

   as conventional oils.

Synthetic gear lubricants for manual transmissions are another matter

entirely; Amsoil, Redline, and AGIP are very highly regarded and very

effective. Mobil 1 synthetic gear lube gets mixed reviews, however.

Q: Manufacturers are specifying longer and longer oil change intervals.

How often should I change my oil?

1. It depends on how you drive. If your car always (or nearly always)

   gets warmed up, and you don't drive it very hard and keep the revs

   down, the manufacturer's recommendation is probably fine. If, however,

   you drive it hard, drive it at high revs, or alternatively, if you

   only drive it to and from the supermarket so that it doesn't get up

   to temperature, then you may wish to change oil much more often,

   perhaps at 3000 mile intervals (given that most manufacturers are

   now specifying 7500 mile intervals.) If you don't drive your car

   much at all (say 7500 miles a year), then you probably want to change

   oil every six months anyway. If you are storing a car during the winter,

   then change oil before storing it and change oil when you bring it out

   of storage.

Misc. Questions:

Q: My car has a timing belt. I hear that bad things happen when they

break. What's the story?

1. It depends on the internal design of the motor. Early Ford Escorts,

   for example, will suffer severe valve damage if the belt breaks, but

   the newer cars will just require a tow and installation of a new belt.

   Some Honda motors will not be damaged, but others will be.

If no replacement interval is specified for your car, then change the

belt at least every 60,000 miles; some cars may require more frequent

replacement. Ask your dealer or independent mechanic. Also, ask if

there are any related repairs that should take place at the same time

(for example, the same Ford Escorts that suffer valve damage also have

a timing belt driven water pump, which has been known to seize,

destroying the timing belt, and which then causes major valve damage

as a side effect. Replacing the timing belt while ignoring the water

pump can be a costly mistake.)

Q: Why would anyone be stupid enough to design a motor so that it

self destructs when the timing belt breaks?

1. For performance reasons. Compromising piston design so that the

   valves and pistons will not collide requires that the compression

   ratio of the engine be reduced significantly; this is why you are

   more likely to avoid valve damage in economy cars than in performance

   oriented vehicles.

2. I heard that Audis take off and run into things; it's called

   "Unintended Acceleration". What causes it?

3. This was studied extensively by the National Highway, Transportation,

   and Safety Administration; their final report concluded that unintended

   acceleration could not be caused by any mechanical failure of the vehicle

   in question and at the same time be consistent with the physical evidence.

   The NHTSA report goes on to conclude that `pedal misapplication' by the

   vehicle operator is probably the cause (pedal misapplication being

   a euphemism for "stepped on the throttle pedal instead of the brake

   pedal".)

Unintended accleration was not restricted to Audi 5000s with

automatic transmissions, although they got the most publicity.

Cars from many other manufacturers had cases reported.

--

richard welty 518-393-7228 welty@balltown.cma.com

Motorsports enthusiasts, please check out the

Sports Car Club of America Web Page: http://www.balltown.cma.com/scca/